Optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment planning for relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma.

Pembrolizumab (anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 inhibitor) is a promising salvage therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (R/R ENKTL). However, the appropriate duration of pembrolizumab use in R/R ENKTL patients and the optimal timing for administering pembrolizumab remain undetermined. We collected and analyzed clinical information on R/R ENKTL 58 patients who received pembrolizumab to evaluate the optimal treatment durations and clinical information for considering treatment interruption. Treatment outcomes were assessed by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) and Epstein Barr virus DNA (EBV DNA) every 3 months. Nineteen (32.8%) patients had been treated with more than three chemotherapies before pembrolizumab administration. The best response rate towards the first try of pembrolizumab was 38.9% (31.5% complete response rate (CR), 7.4% partial response (PR)). During the 41.8-month median follow-up duration, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.1 months, and the median overall survival (OS) was 7.1 months. The failure group, which was characterized by Deaville score (DS) 3-4 and circulating EBV detection, or DS 5 with/without EBV detection, had the worst PFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p < 0.001), followed by the high (DS 1-2 and EBV detection, or DS 3-4 and EBV not detected) and low-risk groups (DS 1-2 and EBV not detected). Among the 21 patients who achieved the best response at the first pembolizumab try, the patients who received planned 24 cycles presented better PFS than those who received incomplete cycles (57.6 months vs 20.9 months, P-value = 0.012). Among 13 patients who received avelumab or pembrolizumab in advance, a few who responded to the second trial of pembrolizumab administration had over one year of chemotherapy vacation. Determining the discontinuation or continuation of pembrolizumab would be considered in selected cases assessed by PET-CT and EBV monitoring. Disruption of pembrolizumab treatment may be advisable for the low-risk group(DS 1-2 and EBV not detected), whereas continuation could be warranted for the high-risk group (DS 1-2 and EBV detection, or DS 3-4 and EBV not detected). Moreover, it might be critical to maintain over 24 cycles to improve the survival outcome of R/R ENKTL.

Comparison of CAR T-cell vs. bispecific antibody as third- or later-line large B-cell lymphoma therapy: A Meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and bispecific antibodies for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases until July 2023 for trials assessing CAR T-cell therapies and CD20×CD3 bispecific antibodies as third- or subsequent-line in R/R DLBCL. Random effects models estimated the complete response (CR) rate and secondary outcomes, with meta-regressions adjusting for relevant covariates. Sixteen studies comprising 1,347 patients were included in the pooled analysis. The pooled CR rate for bispecific antibodies was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.29 to 0.43), compared to 0.51 (0.46 to 0.56) for CAR T-cell therapy (p<0.01). This superiority persisted when comparing the CAR-T naïve patients within the bispecific antibody group, CR rate of 0.37 (0.32 to 0.43). Multivariable meta-regression also revealed better efficacy of CAR-T with adjustment for the proportion of double-hit lymphoma. The pooled one-year progression-free survival rate mirrored these findings (0.32 [0.26 to 0.38] vs 0.44 [0.41 to 0.48], p<0.01). For adverse events of ≥ grade 3, the bispecific antibody had incidences of 0.02 (0.01 to 0.04) for cytokine release syndrome, 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) for neurotoxicity, and 0.10 (0.03 to 0.16) for infections. The CAR-T cell had rates of 0.08 (0.03 to 0.12), 0.11 (0.06 to 0.17), and 0.17 (0.11 to 0.22), respectively, with significant differences observed in the first two categories. In summary, CAR-T cell therapy outperformed bispecific antibody in achieving higher CR rates, though with an increase in severe adverse events.

Primary nodal Epstein-Barr virus-positive T-cell/NK-cell lymphoma: Real-world experience.

PTCL-EBV is a disease entity newly recognized in the WHO-HAEMS5 and the ICC of Mature Lymphoid neoplasms classification. Previously, it was classified as a subtype within PTCL-NOS and was known to have a poor prognosis. However, the clinical feature and treatment outcomes are not well known. This retrospective observational study was conducted on patients diagnosed with PTCL-EBV at Samsung Medical Center through a pathology review from 2000 to 2020. We analyzed clinical data from 14 patients. We conducted an investigation of patients with PTCL-EBV into immunohistochemistry and analysis of survival outcomes for each treatment regimen. We analyzed both overall survival and progression-free survival for each treatment regimen. 25% were beta-F1 positive, and 67% were TCRγ positive. TIA-1 and granzyme B exhibited positive results in all cases, whereas the NK cell marker CD56 was negative in only 11% of patients. The CD3 was observed in all of patients. And, the CD4 was 43% positive. The CD8 were investigated in 8 patients, with 37.5% positive. Hepatosplenomegaly was observed in 55% of patients, and 70% of patients displayed B symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Patients who received CHOP or CVP treatment had a median PFS of 2.2 months (95% CI 1.9-2.5 months), and patients who received other treatments had a median PFS of 5.1 months (NA). The objective response rate (ORR) for ICE/dexa as the first or second line treatment was 100% (3 out of 3). But, ORR of CHOP or CVP as the first line treatment was 33.3% (3 out of 9). The median overall survival (OS) for the group that received HSCT after achieving a response was 34.6 months (95% CI 0-74.6 months), and the median OS for the group that did not receive HSCT was 5.0 months (95% CI 2.1-7.9 months) (p=0.04). In conclusion, in the context of PTCL-EBV, despite a limited sample size, the ICE/Dexa regimen shows potential benefits in terms of ORR and PFS. Furthermore, the application of HSCT following the attainment of a complete response may prove advantageous.

Real-world outcome of patients with extensively pretreated multiple myeloma who were treated with selinexor and dexamethasone: a Korean multicenter retrospective analysis.

The outcomes of patients with myeloma after exposed to penta-classes are extremely poor. Selinexor is the first approved exportin inhibitor for those patients, but intractable toxicities may limit its use. This retrospective study evaluated the real-world efficacy and safety of selinexor plus dexamethasone (XD) and involved 48 patients with multiple myeloma, who were treated from November 2020 to October 2022. Their median age was 64 years, and the median number of prior lines of therapy was 6. The overall response rate was 25%, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.1 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-2.5). Patients on a reduced initial dose, delayed treatment, and dose reduction had better PFS. After XD treatment failure, 17 patients received subsequent therapy and had a median PFS of 2.4 months. The median overall survival was 4.6 months (95% CI, 2.3-6.9). Among the patients, 12 (25%) and 17 (35%) experienced dose reduction and delayed treatment, respectively. Our data show that the real-world efficacy of XD treatment in heavily pretreated patients was modest and that improving treatment adherence through reducing initial doses or delaying treatments may improve patient outcomes.

Current Challenges in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy in Patients With B-cell Lymphoid Malignancies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy based on genetically engineered T cells derived from patients. The introduction of CAR T-cell therapy has changed the treatment paradigm of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies. However, challenging issues including managing life-threatening toxicities related to CAR T-cell infusion and resistance to CAR T-cell therapy, leading to progression or relapse, remain. This review summarizes the issues with currently approved CAR T-cell therapies for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including lymphoma and myeloma. We focus on unique toxicities after CAR T-cell therapy, such as cytokine-related events and hematological toxicities, and the mechanisms underlying post-CAR T-cell failure.

Tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes evaluated using digital image analysis predict the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: The implication of the presence of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL-T) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is yet to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effect of TIL-T levels on the prognosis of patients with DLBCL. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with DLBCL were enrolled in the study. The TIL-T ratio was measured using QuPath, a digital pathology software package. The TIL-T ratio was investigated in three foci (highest, intermediate, and lowest) for each case, resulting in TIL-T-Max, TIL-T-Intermediate, and TIL-T-Min. The relationship between the TIL-T ratios and prognosis was investigated. RESULTS: When 19% was used as the cutoff value for TIL-T-Max, 72 (75.0%) and 24 (25.0%) patients had high and low TIL-T-Max, respectively. A high TIL-T-Max was significantly associated with lower serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (p < .001), with patient group who achieved complete remission after RCHOP therapy (p < .001), and a low-risk revised International Prognostic Index score (p < .001). Univariate analysis showed that patients with a low TIL-T-Max had a significantly worse prognosis in overall survival compared to those with a high TIL-T-Max (p < .001); this difference remained significant in a multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards (hazard ratio, 7.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.54 to 22.42; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DLBCL with a high TIL-T-Max showed significantly better prognosis than those with a low TIL-T-Max, and the TIL-T-Max was an independent indicator of overall survival. These results suggest that evaluating TIL-T ratios using a digital pathology system is useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with DLBCL.

Feasibility of Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis in Patients with Follicular Lymphoma.

Purpose: The feasibility of sequencing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma as a biomarker to predict early relapse or poor prognosis in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) receiving systemic immunochemotherapy is not clear. Materials and Methods: We sequenced DNA from cell-free plasma that was serially obtained from newly diagnosed FL patients undergoing systemic immunochemotherapy. The mutation profiles of ctDNA at the time of diagnosis and at response evaluation and relapse and/or progression were compared with clinical course and treatment outcomes. Results: Forty samples from patients receiving rituximab-containing immunochemotherapy were analyzed. Baseline sequencing detected mutations in all cases, with the major detected mutations being KMT2C (50%), CREBBP (45%), and KMT2D (45%). The concentration of ctDNA and tumor mutation burden showed a significant association with survival outcome. In particular, the presence of mutations in CREBBP and TP53 showed poor prognosis compared with patients without them. Longitudinal analysis of ctDNA using serially collected plasma samples showed an association between persistence or reappearance of ctDNA mutations and disease relapse or progression. Conclusion: Analysis of ctDNA mutations in plasma at diagnosis might help predict outcome of disease, while analysis during follow-up may help to monitor disease status of patients with advanced FL. However, the feasibility of ctDNA measurement must be improved in order for it to become an appropriate and clinically relevant test in FL patients.

Pembrolizumab for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma in Korea.

PURPOSE: Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab has shown promising activity in relapsed/refractory (R/R) extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), but studies are limited, with small patient numbers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen institutes involved with the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma, a Korean lymphoma study group, collected the clinical data of 59 patients treated with pembrolizumab as salvage therapy between 2016 and 2022. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 60 years (range, 22 to 87 years), and 76.3% had advanced Ann Abor stage disease. Pembrolizumab was given to 35.6%, 40.7%, and 23.7% of the patients as second-, third-, and fourth- or higher-line chemotherapy, respectively. The overall response rate was 40.7%, with 28.8% having complete response. The estimated 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival rates for all patients were 21.5% and 28.7%, respectively; for responders, the rates were 53.0% and 60.7%, respectively. Although not statistically significant, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.93 to 3.94; p=0.078) and stage III or IV disease (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 0.96 to 6.96; p=0.060) were associated with a trend toward shorter PFS in multivariate analysis. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) were noted in 12 patients (20.3%); neutropenia (10.2%), fatigue (6.8%), and pneumonitis (5.1%) were most common AEs. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, while pembrolizumab had a modest effect on patients with R/R NKTCL, it may be a useful salvage therapy for patients with localized disease and good performance status.

Nanosensor Chemical Cytometry: Advances and Opportunities in Cellular Therapy and Precision Medicine.

With the definition of therapeutics now encompassing transplanted or engineered cells and their molecular products, there is a growing scientific necessity for analytics to understand this new category of drugs. This Perspective highlights the recent development of new measurement science on label-free single cell analysis, nanosensor chemical cytometry (NCC), and their potential for cellular therapeutics and precision medicine. NCC is based on microfluidics integrated with fluorescent nanosensor arrays utilizing the optical lensing effect of a single cell to real-time extract molecular properties and correlate them with physical attributes of single cells. This new class of cytometry can quantify the heterogeneity of the multivariate physicochemical attributes of the cell populations in a completely label-free and nondestructive way and, thus, suggest the vein-to-vein conditions for the safe therapeutic applications. After the introduction of the NCC technology, we suggest the technological development roadmap for the maturation of the new field: from the sensor/chip design perspective to the system/software development level based on hardware automation and deep learning data analytics. The advancement of this new single cell sensing technology is anticipated to aid rich and multivariate single cell data setting and support safe and reliable cellular therapeutics. This new measurement science can lead to data-driven personalized precision medicine.

A retrospective analysis of ibrutinib outcomes in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma.

Background: While treatment strategies for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) have evolved, patients often experience disease progression and require additional treatment therapies. Ibrutinib presents a promising option for relapsed or refractory MCL (RR-MCL). This study investigated real-world treatment outcomes of ibrutinib in patients with RR-MCL. Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis investigated clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of patients with RR-MCL, treated with ibrutinib. Results: Forty-two patients were included, with 16 received rituximab and bendamustine, and 26 receiving anthracycline-based regimens as front-line treatment. During a median follow-up of 46.0 months, the response rate to ibrutinib was 69%, with 12 CRs and 8 partial responses. Disease progression (54.8%) and adverse events (11.9%) were the primary reasons for discontinuation. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were approximately 16.4 and 50.1 months, respectively. Patients older than 70 years (P=0.044 and P=0.006), those with splenomegaly (P=0.022 and P=0.006), and those with a high-risk simplified Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (sMIPI) (P＜0.001 and P＜0.001) exhibited siginificantly inferior PFS and OS. Notably, patients with a high-risk sMIPI relapsed earlier. Post-ibrutinib treatment yilded an OS of 12.2 months, while clinical trial participants demonstrated superior survival compared to those receiving chemotherapy alone. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of considering patient characteristics before administering ibrutinib as salvage therapy. Early relapse was associated with poor outcomes, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies.

Lower socioeconomic status associated with higher tuberculosis rate in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease influenced by social factors rather than a simple infectious disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship between tuberculosis rates and socioeconomic status. METHODS: This study was conducted using data of the 49,483 participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-VIII (2013-2021). The relationships between tuberculosis rates and the quartiles of monthly household income and education level were examined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The KNHANES data revealed that the prevalence of tuberculosis as substantially related to monthly household income (odds ratio [OR], 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-32.0 for lowest vs. highest incomes) and education level (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2-12.0 for 10-12 years vs. ≥13 years; OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2-14.8 for ≤ 6 years vs. ≥13 years). Furthermore, current tuberculosis treatment was significantly related to monthly household income and education level. CONCLUSION: There were substantial correlations between tuberculosis rates and socioeconomic status in South Korea.

The impact of sMICA/sMICB on immunochemotherapy outcomes in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Introduction: Soluble MHC class I-related chain A (sMICA) and B (sMICB) play a critical role tumor evolution and poor prognosis through an immune evasion mechanism. Thus, this study determines the interaction between sMICA/sMICB and the tumor immune environment in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ND-DLBCL). Methods: We analyzed sMICA/sMICB, cytokine in serum, and macrophage polarization analysis in tissue samples before the first chemotherapy administration. This research was performed to investigate the correlation between sMICA/sMICB expression and treatment outcomes as well as their influence on the immune system within ND-DLBCL. Results: Of the 262 patients, 47.3% (n = 124) presented stage III or IV at diagnosis and 50.8% (n = 133) had a high International Prognostic Index (IPI ≥ 3). The patients with high (p = 0.034 and 0.004), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.002 and 0.030), advanced stage (p = 0.003 and 0.012), and higher IPI risk (p = 0.009, and 0.032) correlated with the detection of sMICA or sMICB. The median progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with sMICA (p = 0.006) or sMICB (p =0.032) was inferior. Among the patients with advanced-stage or high IPI, those with sMICA or sMICB presented an inferior PFS and OS compared to those without. TNF-a, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, showed statistical significance with detected sMICA (p = 0.035) or sMICB (p = 0.044). Among anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1RA (P-value = 0.013) and IL-10 (p = 0.005) were associated with detecting sMICB, but not sMICA. In tissue samples, sMICA or sMICB detection did not correlate with the CD68/CD163 ratio. Discussion: Conclusively, the identification of sMICA/sMICB presented unfavorable immunochemotherapy outcomes, and it was assumed that sMICA or sMICB and various cytokines interact, but the relationship with macrophage differentiation is unclear. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the relationship between sMICA/sMICB and tumor microenvironment in DLBCL.

Differences in mutational signature of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas according to the primary organ.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive molecular subtyping of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) through genetic profiling has broadened our understanding of DLBCL biology. In this study, we investigated whether DLBCL, not otherwise specified (NOS) shows differences in mutational patterns depending on the primary organ. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Panel-based next-generation sequencing was performed on 345 DLBCL from various primary organs, and patterns of mutations according to primary organs were analyzed. RESULTS: DLBCL showed a characteristic mutational signature in several primary organs. Among them, the mutational pattern of DLBCL in the breast and ileocecal area was particularly different from that of other DLBCL NOS. In breast DLBCL, MYD88L265P (57.1%), CD79B mutation (42.9%), and CDKN2A/B loss (71.4%) were found at high frequencies, which were similar to the mutation patterns of DLBCL of immune-privileged sites compared with DLBCL NOS. DLBCL in the ileocecal area showed a characteristic mutation pattern with the most frequent TP53 mutation (52.6%) and 18q21 gain (42.1%). This was also different from the mutational pattern observed in the stomach or other intestines. In discriminant analysis, DLBCL of the breast and ileocecal area tended to form separate genetic constellations from other DLBCL NOS. CONCLUSION: DLBCL NOS has a characteristic mutational profile that depends on the primary organ. In particular, the mutational signature of DLBCL in the breast and ileocecal area was heterogeneous compared with that of other DLBCL NOS. Further research is needed to determine whether primary DLBCL in the breast and ileocecal area can be classified as an independent subtype.

Comparison of first-line treatment with CHOP versus ICED in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma eligible for upfront autologous stem cell transplantation.

Introduction: Upfront autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been recommended for patients who are newly diagnosed with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), an anthracycline-based chemotherapy has been the frontline chemotherapy for PTCL. However, it is not clear whether anthracycline-based chemotherapies such as CHOP could be standard induction therapy for PTCL. Methods: We conducted a randomized phase II study to compare CHOP with fractionated ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide, and dexamethasone (ICED) for patients eligible for ASCT. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) and secondary endpoints included objective response rate, overall survival (OS), and safety profiles. Results: Patients were randomized into either CHOP (n = 69) or ICED (n = 66), and the characteristics of both arms were not different. PTCL-not otherwise specified (NOS, n = 60) and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL, n = 53) were dominant. The objective response rate was not different between CHOP (59.4%) and ICED (56.1%), and the 3-year PFS was not different between CHOP (36.7%) and ICED (33.1%). In AITL patients, CHOP was favored over ICED whereas ICED was associated with more cytopenia and reduced dose intensity. Patients who received upfront ASCT after achieving complete response to CHOP or ICED showed 80% of 3-year OS. Discussion: In summary, our study showed no therapeutic difference between CHOP and ICED in terms of response and PFS. Thus, CHOP might remain the reference regimen especially for AITL based on its better outcome in AITL, and upfront ASCT could be recommended as a consolidation of complete response in patients with PTCL.

Real-World Data Analysis of Survival Outcomes and Central Nervous System Relapses in Testicular Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma.

Background: Primary testicular lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mostly of the diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Although a consensus on standard treatment has been established, unresolved issues remain, such as recurrence in the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of 65 testicular DLBCL patients according to clinical settings and treatment modalities. Results: The median age of the patients in our study was 65 years, and two-thirds of them had disease limited to one testis. There was no right or left lateralization of testicular involvement. Over a median follow-up of 53.9 months (95% confidence interval 34.0-73.7 months), patients with stage I disease and a low international prognostic index score showed better survival outcomes than those in other categories. Orchiectomy, six cycles of chemotherapy, and radiation therapy (RT) to the contralateral testis demonstrated survival benefits, whereas CNS prophylaxis therapy did not reduce CNS recurrence. During the follow-up period, the survival curves showed continuous decline, mostly due to disease progression. CNS recurrence was observed in 15% of patients, and parenchymal involvement was dominant. However, no factors were associated with CNS recurrence in our analyses. Although our molecular analyses were performed in a small number of patients, MYD88, CD79B, and PIM1 mutations were frequent. Conclusion: In our study, treatment with orchiectomy, six cycles of immunochemotherapy, and contralateral RT was effective. However, because CNS prophylaxis is an essential part of testicular DLBCL management, better treatment strategies than intrathecal therapy are required.

A unique expression pattern of LAG3 distinct from that of other immune checkpoints in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Although some patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) show a response to immunotherapy, there are still many who do not respond. This suggests that various immune checkpoints are complicatedly intertwined in the composition of the tumor microenvironment of DLBCL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To comprehensively understand the expression of various immune checkpoint genes in DLBCL, we performed NanoString assay in 98 patients to investigate 579 genes. In addition, we performed immunohistochemistry for LAG-3 and PD-L1 to compare the results with expression in NanoString assay. RESULTS: As a result of hierarchical clustering of NanoString assay, 98 DLBCLs were classified into three tumor immune microenvironment clusters. Most immune checkpoint genes showed the highest expression in cluster A and the lowest in cluster C. However, the expression of LAG3 was the highest in cluster C and the lowest in cluster A, showing an expression pattern opposite to that of other immune checkpoint genes. In Cluster A, the expression of genes related to T-cell activity such as CD8A and GZMB was increased. In Cluster C, the expression of genes related to major histocompatibility complex molecules was the highest. Immunohistochemical stains showed modest agreement with the NanoString results but did not help clustering. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the unique expression pattern of LAG3 in DLBCL contrasts with that of other immune checkpoints. We suggest that the combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-LAG-3 blockades in the immunotherapy of DLBCL patients can have a synergistic effect, improving the immunotherapy efficacy and outcome in DLBCL patients.

Retrospective analysis of diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma.

Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a rare and aggressive lymphoma with no standard treatment and poor treatment response. From 2001-2021, 20 from a lymphoma cohort of 7247 patients (0.27%) were diagnosed with HSTCL at Samsung Medical Center. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 37.5 (range, 17-72) years, and 75.0% of patients were male. Most patients had B symptoms, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Lymphadenopathy was found in only 31.6% of patients, and increased PET-CT uptake was found in 21.1% of patients. Thirteen patients (68.4%) expressed T cell receptor (TCR) γδ, and 6 patients (31.6%) expressed TCRαß. The median progression-free survival (PFS) for the entire cohort was 7.2 months (95% CI, 2.9-12.8), and the median overall survival (OS) was 25.7 months (95% CI, not calculated). In subgroup analysis, the overall response rate (ORR) was 100.0% in the ICE/Dexa group and 53.8% in the anthracycline-based group, and the complete response rate was 83.3% in the ICE/Dexa group and 38.5% in the anthracycline-based group. The ORR was 50.0% in the TCRαß group and 83.3% in the TCRγδ group. The OS was not reached in the autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) group and was 16.0 months (95% CI, 15.1-16.9) in the non-transplant group at the data cutoff time (P value 0.015). In conclusion, HSTCL is rare but has a very poor prognosis. The optimal treatment strategy is not defined. More genetic and biological information is needed.

Dithieno[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline-Based Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Dual-Functional Energy-Harvesting Wide-Bandgap Polymer and its Backbone Isomer.

Both organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) are promising energy-harvesting technologies for future renewable and sustainable energy sources. Among various material systems, organic conjugated polymers are an emerging material class for the active layers of both OSCs and OTEs. However, organic conjugated polymers showing both OSC and OTE properties are rarely reported because of the different requirements toward the OSCs and OTEs. In this study, the first simultaneous investigation of the OSC and OTE properties of a wide-bandgap polymer PBQx-TF and its backbone isomer iso-PBQx-TF are reported. All wide-bandgap polymers form face-on orientations in a thin-film state, but PBQx-TF has more of a crystalline character than iso-PBQx-TF, originating from the backbone isomeric structures of α,α '/ß,ß '-connection between two thiophene rings. Additionally, iso-PBQx-TF shows inactive OSC and poor OTE properties, probably because of the absorption mismatch and unfavorable molecular orientations. At the same time, PBQx-TF exhibits both decent OSC and OTE performances, indicating that it satisfies the requirements for both OSCs and OTEs. This study presents the OSC and OTE dual-functional energy-harvesting wide-bandgap polymer and the future research directions for hybrid energy-harvesting materials.

Neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.5 after tixagevimab/cilgavimab administration comparable to those after Omicron BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infections.

Introduction: The effect of tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Evusheld™; AstraZeneca, UK) should be evaluated in the context of concurrent outbreak situations. Methods: For serologic investigation of tixagevimab/cilgavimab during the BA.5 outbreak period, sera of immunocompromised (IC) hosts sampled before and one month after tixagevimab/cilgavimab administration and those of healthcare workers (HCWs) sampled one month after a 3rd shot of COVID-19 vaccines, five months after BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infection (BI), and one month after BA.5 BI were investigated. Semi-quantitative anti-spike protein antibody (Sab) test and plaque reduction neutralizing test (PRNT) against BA.5 were performed. Results: A total of 19 IC hosts (five received tixagevimab/cilgavimab 300 mg and 14 received 600 mg) and 41 HCWs (21 experienced BA.1/BA.2 BI and 20 experienced BA.5 BI) were evaluated. Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between IC hosts and HCWs except for age and hypertension. Sab significantly increased after tixagevimab/cilgavimab administration (median 130.2 BAU/mL before tixagevimab/cilgavimab, 5,665.8 BAU/mL after 300 mg, and 10,217 BAU/mL after 600 mg; both P < 0.001). Sab of one month after the 3rd shot (12,144.2 BAU/mL) or five months after BA.1/BA.2 BI (10,455.8 BAU/mL) were comparable with that of tixagevimab/cilgavimab 600 mg, while Sab of one month after BA.5 BI were significantly higher (22,216.0 BAU/mL; P < 0.001). BA.5 PRNT ND50 significantly increased after tixagevimab/cilgavimab administration (median ND50 29.6 before tixagevimab/cilgavimab, 170.8 after 300 mg, and 298.5 after 600 mg; both P < 0.001). The ND50 after tixagevimab/cilgavimab 600 mg was comparable to those of five months after BA.1 BI (ND50 200.9) while ND50 of one month after the 3rd shot was significantly lower (ND50 107.6; P = 0.019). The ND50 of one month after BA.5 BI (ND50 1,272.5) was highest among tested groups, but statistical difference was not noticed with tixagevimab/cilgavimab 600 mg. Conclusion: Tixagevimab/cilgavimab provided a comparable neutralizing activity against the BA.5 with a healthy adult population who were vaccinated with a 3rd shot and experienced BA.1/BA.2 BI.